Like
a linear power supply, the switched mode power supply too converts the
available unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage.
However in case of SMPS with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input
voltage is first rectified and filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier
output. The unregulated dc voltage across the capacitor is then fed to a high
frequency dc-to-dc converter. Most of the dc-to-dc converters used in SMPS
circuits have an intermediate high frequency ac conversion stage to facilitate
the use of a high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and isolation. In
contrast, in linear power supplies with input voltage drawn from ac mains, the
mains voltage is first stepped down (and isolated) to the desired magnitude
using a mains frequency transformer, followed by rectification and filtering. The
high frequency transformer used in a SMPS circuit is much smaller in size and
weight compared to the low frequency transformer of the linear power supply
circuit.
The
‘Switched Mode Power Supply’ owes its name to the dc-to-dc switching converter
for conversion from unregulated dc input voltage to regulated dc output
voltage. The switch employed is turned ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ (referred as switching)
at a high frequency. During ‘ON’ mode the switch is in saturation mode with
negligible voltage drop across the collector and emitter terminals of the
switch where as in ‘OFF’ mode the switch is in cut-off mode with negligible
current through the collector and emitter terminals. On the contrary the
voltageregulating switch, in a linear regulator circuit, always remains in the
active region.
Details of some popular SMPS circuits, with
provisions for incorporating high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and
isolation, have been discussed in next few lessons. In this lesson a simplified
schematic switching arrangement is described that omits the transformer action.
In fact there are several other switched mode dc-to-dc converter circuits that
do not use a high frequency transformer. In such SMPS circuits the unregulated
input dc voltage is fed to a high frequency voltage chopping circuit such that
when the chopping circuit (often called dc to dc chopper) is in ON state, the
unregulated voltage is applied to the output circuit that includes the load and
some filtering circuit. When the chopper is in OFF state, zero magnitude of
voltage is applied to the output side. The ON and OFF durations are suitably
controlled such that the average dc voltage applied to the output circuit
equals the desired magnitude of output voltage. The ratio of ON time to cycle
time (ON + OFF time) is known as duty ratio of the chopper circuit. A high
switching frequency (of the order of 100 KHz) and a fast control over the duty ratio
results in application of the desired mean voltage along with ripple voltage of
a very high frequency to the output side, consisting of a low pass filter
circuit followed by the load. The high frequency ripple in voltage is
effectively filtered using small values of filter capacitors and inductors. A
schematic chopper circuit along with the output filter is shown in Fig.1
SMPS versus linear power supply
As discussed above, in a linear regulator circuit the
excess voltage from the unregulated dc input supply drops across a series
element (and hence there is power loss in proportion to this voltage drop)
whereas in switched mode circuit the unregulated portion of the voltage is
removed by modulating the switch duty ratio. The switching losses in modern
switches (like: MOSFETs) are much less compared to the loss in the linear
element.
In most of the switched mode power supplies it is
possible to insert a high frequency transformer to isolate the output and to
scale the output voltage magnitude. In linear power supply the isolation and
voltage-scaling transformer can be put only across the low frequency utility
supply. The low frequency transformer is very heavy and bulky in comparison to
the high frequency transformer of similar VA rating. Similarly the output
voltage filtering circuit, in case of low frequency ripples is much bulkier
than if the ripple is of high frequency. The switched mode circuit produces
ripple of high frequency that can be filtered easily using smaller volume of filtering
elements.
Linear
power supply though more bulky and less efficient has some advantages too when compared
with the switched mode power supply. Generally the control of the linear power supply
circuit is much simpler than that of SMPS circuit. Since there is no high
frequency switching, the switching related electro-magnetic interference (EMI)
is practically absent in linear power supplies but is of some concern in SMPS circuits.
Also, as far as output voltage regulation is concerned the linear power
supplies are superior to SMPS. One can more easily meet tighter specifications
on output voltage ripples by using linear power supplies
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